TUGAS PENGANTAR KECERDASAN BUATAN 1


Soal
A. Ubahlah pernyataan berikut dalam bentuk representasi logika proposisi dan predikat
1. Karjo adalah seorang laki-laki
2. Karjo adalah orang Jawa
3. Karjo lahir pada tahun 1840
4. Setiap laki-laki pasti akan mati
5. Semua orang Jawa mati pada saat Krakatau meletus tahun 1883
6. Setiap orang pasti mati setelah hidup lebih dari 150 tahun
7. Sekarang tahun 2010
8. Mati berarti tidak hidup
9. Jika seseorang mati, maka beberapa waktu kemudian dia pasti dianggap mati
B. Apakah Karjo masih hidup sekarang dengan metode Backward ?

Jawaban:
A.
1. Laki-laki(Karjo)
2. Jawa(Karjo)
3. Lahir(Karjo,1840)
4. ∀x : laki-laki(x) → pastimati(x)
5. Meletus(Krakatau, 1883) ∧ ∀x : [Jawa(x) → mati(x, 1883)
6. ∀x : ∀thn1 : ∀thn2 : pastimati(x) ∧ lahir(x, thn1) ∧ lahir(x, thn2) ∧ lebihdari(thn2 – thn1, 150) → mati(x, thn2)
7. Sekarang ≡ 2010
8. ∀x : ∀y : [mati(x,y) → ¬hidup(x,y) ] ∧ [¬hidup(x,y) → mati(x,y)]
9. ∀x : ∀thn1 : ∀thn2 : mati(x, thn1) ∧ lebihdari(thn2 – thn1) → mati(x, thn2)

B.
Dari pernyataan diatas akan dibuktikan Karjo tidak hidup sekarang dengan penalaran backward : ¬hidup (karjo, sekarang)

¬hidup (karjo, sekarang)
↑ (8, subtitusi)
Mati(karjo, sekarang)
↑ (9, subtitusi)
Mati(karjo, thn1) ∧ lebihdari(sekarang, thn1)
↑ (5, subtitusi)
Jawa(Karjo) ∧ lebihdari(sekarang, 1883)
↑ (2)
Lebihdari(sekarang, 1883)
↑ (7, subtitusi)
Lebihdari(2010, 1883)
↑ (menghitung lebihdari)
Nil

Practice Test in class


1. The Armory Show, held in New York in 1913, was a important exhibition of modern European art.
2. Ripe fruit is often stored in a place who contains much carbon dioxide so that the fruit will not decay too rapidly.
3. In 1852 Massachusetts passed a law requiring all children from four to eighteen years of old to attend school.
4. The main purpose of classifying animals is to show the most probable evolutionary relationship of the different species to each another.
5. Matthew C Perry, a United States naval commander, gained fame not in war and through diplomacy.
6. One of the most impressive collections of nineteenth-century European paintings in the United States can be found to the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
7. Three of every four migrating water birds in North America visits the Gulf of Mexico's winter wetlands.
8. Charleston, West Virginia, was named for Charles Clendenin, who son George acquired land at the junction of the Elk and Kanawha rivers in 1787.
9. Financier Andrew Mellon donated most of his magnificent art collection to the National Galerry of Art, where it is now locating.
10. Soil temperatures in Death Valley, California, near the Nevada border, have been known to reach 90 of degrees Celcius.
11. When the Sun, Moon, and Earth are alignment and the Moon crosses the Earth's orbital plane, a solar eclipse occurs.
12. Mary Cassatt's paintings of mothers and children are known for its fine linear rhythm, simple modelings, and harmonies of clear color.
13. Plants synthesize carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide with the aid of energy is derived from sunlight.
14. The best American popular music balances a powerful of emotions of youth with tenderness, grace, and wit.
15. In the nineteenth century, women used quilts to inscribe their responses to social, economics, and politics issues.
16. Fossils in 500-million-year-old rocks demonstrate that life forms in the cambrian period were mostly marine animals capability of secreting calcium to from shells.
17. Rainbows in the shape of complete circles are sometimes seen from airplanes because they are not cutting off by the horizon.
18. Hot at the equator causes the air to expand, rise, and flow toward the poles.
19. Although research has been on going since 1930, the existence of ESP-perception and communication without the use of sight, hear, taste, touch, or smell - is still disputed.
20. As many as 50 percent of the income from motion pictures produced in the United States comes from marketing the films abroad.
21. Sleep is controlled by the brain and associated by characteristic breathing rhythms.
22. The walls around the city of Quebec, which was originally a fort millitary, still stand, making Quebec the only walled city in North America.
23. The manufacture of authomobile was extremely expensive until assembly-line techniques made them cheaper to produce.
24. The ballad is characterized by informal diction, by a narrative largely dependent on action and dialogue, by thematic intense, and by stress on repetition.
25. Eleanor Roosevelt set the standard against which the wives of all United States Presidents since have evaluated.